Prader-Willi Syndrome - A Rare Genetic Bullet!

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #141823; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"></span></span><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">There are many acidic symptomologies expressed with the acidic condition of Prader-Willi Syndrome, a rare 'genetic bullet' disorder.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Prader–Willi Syndrome or PWS is a rare 'genetic bullet' that involves seven genes (or some subset thereof) on chromosome 15 (q 11–13) which are unexpressed (chromosome 15q partial deletion) on the paternal chromosome.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">When considering the 'genetic bullet' theory, I relate it to a stupid game called Russian Roulette. In this metaphor a single bullet is placed in the chamber, representing the non-expressed genetics where the trigger that fires the 'genetic bullet' are the acidic lifestyle and dietary choices of the person playing this stupid game. If a person continues to pull the acidic lifestyle and dietary trigger the rare 'genetic bullet' will be fired and symptoms will be expressed. Bottomline 95 percent of ALL sickness and disease is the result of what you think, what you drink and what you eat. The remaining 5 percent is the result of genetics which is affected by what you think, what you drink and what you eat.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Whether or not these seven genes are expressed is directly related to the delicate alkaline pH of the body fluids surrounding these genes. Therefore the expression of ANY gene, is based upon the lifestyle and dietary choices and its affect on the delicate pH of the body fluids.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Internal Environmental Characteristics of PWS</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Environmental characteristics of lifestyle and dietary affects that lead to PWS includes the following environmental acidic symptoms of "low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to excessive eating and life-threatening obesity."[1]</span></div><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span><br /></span><br /><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Uterus_and_birth" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Uterus and birth symptomologies:</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Frequent abnormal fetal position</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Reduced fetal movement</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Occasional polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid)</span></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Often breech or caesarean births</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lethargy</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hypotonia</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Feeding difficulties (due to poor muscle tone affecting sucking reflex)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Difficulties establishing respiration</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hypogonadism</span></li></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span><br /></span><br /><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood">Childhood symptomologies:</span></span></h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span></span><br /><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 22px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Excessive sleeping</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Delayed milestones/intellectual delay</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Strabismus ('crossed eyes')</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Scoliosis (often not detected at birth)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Cryptorchidism</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Speech delay</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Poor physical coordination</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hyperphagia (over-eating) begins between the age of 2 and 8, and continues on throughout adulthood. Note change from feeding difficulties in infancy</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Excessive weight gain</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sleep disorders</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Delayed puberty</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Short stature</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Obesity</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Extreme flexibility</li></span></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span></span><br /><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-size: small; line-height: 22px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Adulthood">Adulthood symptomologies:</span></span></span></h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span></span><br /><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hypogonadism</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Infertility (males and females)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sparse pubic hair</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Obesity</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hypotonia (low muscle tone)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Learning disabilities/borderline intellectual functioning (but some cases of average intelligence)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Prone to diabetes mellitus (Type I Diabetes)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Extreme flexibility</li></span></span></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span></span><br /><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-size: small; line-height: 22px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance symptomologies:</span></span></span></h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span></span><br /><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Small hands and feet with tapering of fingers</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Prominent nasal bridge</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Soft skin, which is easily bruised</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Excess fat, especially in the central portion of the body</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">High, narrow forehead</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thin upper lip</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Downturned mouth</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Almond-shaped eyes</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Light skin and hair relative to other family members</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lack of complete sexual development</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Frequent skin picking</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Striae</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Delayed motor development</li></span></span></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span></span><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Neuro-cognitive">Neuro-cognitive symptomologies:</span></span></span></h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;">Individuals with PWS are at risk of learning and attention difficulties. Curfs and Fryns (1992) conducted research into the varying degrees of learning disability found in PWS.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0645ad;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 11px; white-space: nowrap;">  </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Their results, using a measure of IQ, were as follows:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">5%: IQ above 85 (high to low average intelligence)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">27%: IQ 70 – 85 (borderline intellectual functioning)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">39%: IQ 50 – 70 (mild intellectual disability)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">27%: IQ 35 – 50 (moderate intellectual disability)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1%: IQ 20 – 35 (severe intellectual disability)</li></ul><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: inherit;">Cassidy found that 40% of individuals with PWS have borderline/low average intelligence,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: inherit;"> a figure higher than the 32% found in Curfs and Fryns' study.  </span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid1340242_6-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"> </span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: inherit;">However, both studies suggest that most individuals (50–65%) fall within the mild/borderline/low average intelligence range.</span></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;">Parents report that some children have IQ's greater than 110 function normally in school.</div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;">Children with PWS show an unusual cognitive profile. They are often strong in visual organization and perception, including reading and vocabulary, but their spoken language (sometimes affected by hypernasality) is generally poorer than their comprehension. A marked skill in completing jigsaw puzzles has been noted,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Udwin_8-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[4]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[5]</sup> but this may be an effect of increased practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[6]</sup></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;">Auditory information processing and sequential processing are relatively poor, as are arithmetic and writing skills, visual and auditory short-term memory and auditory attention span. These sometimes improve with age, but deficits in these areas remain throughout adulthood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Udwin_8-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[7]</sup></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><br /></span>Prader–Willi syndrome is also frequently associated with an extreme and insatiable appetite, often resulting in morbid acidic obesity build-up in the fatty tissues. It is the most common genetic trigger that causes morbid obesity in children of which is also associated with congestion or consptipation of the small and large bowel due to the ingestion of animal flesh, dairy products and lots of bread.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nordqvist_11-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[8]</sup>  </span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">Currently there is no consensus as to the cause for this particular symptom, although acidic lifestyles and diets can trigger genetic abnormalities in chromosome 15 and disrupt the normal functioning of the hypothalamus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid9391886_7-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[9]</sup> Given that the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus regulates many basic processes, including appetite, there may well be a link. In the hypothalamus of people with PWS, nerve cells that produce oxytocin, an acidic waste product or hormone from the function of the hypothalamus, is thought to contribute to satiety and has been found to be abnormal in PWS people.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Behavioral" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">Behavioral</span></h3><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">People with Prader–Willi syndrome have high ghrelin levels, an acidic hormone which is thought to directly contribute to the increased appetite, hyperphagia, and obesity seen in this gene activated syndrome. Cassidy states the need for a clear delineation of behavioral expectations, the reinforcement of behavioural limits and the establishment of regular routines.</span></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The main mental health difficulties experienced by people with PWS include compulsive behaviour (usually manifested in skin-picking) and anxiety.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Udwin_8-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[8]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[12]</sup> Psychiatric symptoms, for example, hallucinations, paranoia and depression, have been described in some cases<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Udwin_8-3" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[8]</sup> and affect approximately 5–10% of young adults.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid9391886_7-2" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[7]</sup> Psychiatric and behavioural problems are the most common cause of hospitalization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[8]</sup></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><br /></span>There are several aspects of PWS that support the concept of reduced glandular function that affects growth, demonstated by reduced hormones in individuals with PWS. Specifically, individuals with PWS have short stature, are obese with abnormal body composition, have reduced fat free mass (FFM), have reduced lean body mass (LBM) and total energy expenditure, and have decreased bone density.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Endocrine">Endocrine</span></span></h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">PWS is characterized by hypogonadism. This is manifested as undescended testes in males and benign premature adrenarche in females. Testes may descend with time or can be managed with surgery or testosterone replacement. Adrenarche may be treated with hormone replacement therapy.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ophthalmologic">Ophthalmologic</span></span></span></h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">PWS is commonly associated with development of strabismus. In one study,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[9]</sup> over 50% of patients had strabismus, mainly esotropia.</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-size: large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</span></span></span></h2><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">PWS is caused by the non-expression of the paternal copies of the SNRPN andnecdin genes along with clusters of snoRNAs: SNORD64, SNORD107, SNORD108 and two copies of SNORD109, 29 copies of SNORD116 (HBII-85) and 48 copies of SNORD115 (HBII-52). These are on chromosome 15 located in the region 15q11-13.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[10]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[11]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[12]</sup> </span></span><br /><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">This so-called PWS/AS region may be lost by one of several genetic mechanisms which, in the majority of instances occurs through change in pH or increased acidity which leads to mutation. Other less common mechanisms include; uniparental disomy, sporadic acidic mutations, chromosome translocations, and gene non-expression. Due to imprinting, the maternally inherited copies of these genes are virtually silent, only the paternal copies of the genes are expressed. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[13]</sup> PWS results from the loss of paternal copies of this region. Non-expression of the same region on the maternal chromosome causes Angelman syndrome (AS). PWS and AS represent the first reported instances of imprinting disorders in humans.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span><br /><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">The risk to the sibling of an affected child of having PWS depends upon the lifestyle and dietary trigger that caused the non-expression of the genetic mechanism. The risk to siblings is </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><!--1--></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">There are many acidic symptomologies expressed with the acidic condition of Prader-Willi Syndrome, a rare 'genetic bullet' disorder. The Prader–Willi syndrome or PWS is a rare genetic bullet that involves seven genes (or some subset thereof) on chromosome 15 (q 11–13) which are unexpressed (chromosome 15q partial deletion) on the paternal chromosome.  </span><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Prenatal testing is possible for any of the known genetic mechanisms.</span></span><br /><div><div class="floatright" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angelman.PNG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Angelman.PNG" data-file-height="494" data-file-width="102" height="494" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Angelman.PNG" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: move; vertical-align: middle;" width="102" /></a></span></span></span></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">A microdeletion in one family of the snoRNA HBII-52 has excluded it from playing a major role in the disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[14]</sup></span></span></span></div></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">Studies of human and mouse model systems have shown that non-expression of the 29 copies of the C/D box snoRNA SNORD116 (HBII-85) has been shown to be the primary cause of Prader–Willi syndrome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[15]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[16]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[17]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[18]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[19]</sup></span></span></span></div></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-size: large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</span></span></span></span></h2><div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Diagnosis"><br /></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">Traditionally, Prader–Willi syndrome was diagnosed by clinical presentation. Currently, the syndrome is diagnosed through genetic testing; testing is recommended for newborns with pronounced hypotonia. Early diagnosis of PWS allows for early intervention as well as the early increased amounts of alkaline green foods, green drinks, alkaline mineral salts, alkaline water, and polyunsaturated plant oils will increase healthy endocrine function and increased amounts of growth hormone. Daily recombinant growth hormone (GH) injections may also be indicated for children with PWS. A healthy active endocrine system, especially a health Hypothalmus will show increased GH, supporting linear growth and increased muscle mass, and may lessen food preoccupation and weight gain.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">PWS affects approximately 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 25,000 newborns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-killeen-41_25-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[20]</sup> There are more than 400,000 people who live with PWS around the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[21]</sup> It is traditionally characterized by hypotonia, short stature,hyperphagia, obesity, behavioral issues (specifically OCD-like behaviors), small hands and feet,hypogonadism, and mild intellectual disability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-killeen-41_25-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[20]</sup>However, with early diagnosis and early treatment (such as with growth hormone therapy), the prognosis for persons with PWS is beginning to change. Like autism, PWS is a spectrum disorder and so symptoms can range from mild to severe, and may change throughout the person's lifetime. Various organ systems are affected.</span></span></span></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span></span><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">The mainstay of diagnosis is genetic testing, specifically DNA-based methylation testing to detect the absence of the paternally contributed Prader–Willi syndrome/Angelman syndrome(PWS/AS) region on chromosome 15q11-q13. Such testing detects over 97% of cases. Methylation-specific testing is important to confirm the diagnosis of PWS in all individuals, but especially those who are too young to manifest sufficient features to make the diagnosis on clinical grounds or in those individuals who have atypical findings.</span></span></span></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Prader–Willi syndrome is often misdiagnosed as a variety of other syndromes due to many in the medical community's unfamiliarity with PWS. Sometimes it is misdiagnosed as Down syndrome, simply because of the relative frequency of Down syndrome compared to PWS.</div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Treatment">Treatment</span></h2></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">Prader–Willi syndrome according to current medical savants has no cure; however, several alkalizing treatments and alkalizing diet plans are in place to lessen the condition's and reverse many of the acidic symptoms. During infancy, subjects should undergo alkalizing therapies, such as lymphatic massage and colon hydrotherapy to improve muscle tone, bowel elimination, improved cognitive function, prevention of diabetes, improved learning, and reduced over-eating. </span></span></span><br /><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;">Speech and occupational therapy are also indicated. During the school years, children benefit from a highly structured learning environment as well as extra help. The largest problem associated with the syndrome is severe obesity.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Natural alkaline foods and supplements, including mineral salts, cholorphyll, polyunsaturated oils, and alkaline water support the endocrine system that allows for normal hypothalmus function and the release of daily growth hormone for children with PWS. An alkaline lifestyle and diet supports linear growth and increased muscle mass, and may lessen food preoccupation and weight gain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[21]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[22]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[23]</sup></span></div></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Because of severe obesity, obstructive sleep apnea is a common sequela, and a positive airway pressure machine may be needed. Patients with Prader–Willi syndrome have a very high tolerance to pain; therefore they may be experiencing significant abdominal symptoms such as acute gastritis, appendicitis, or cholecystitis and not be aware of it until later.  Here I recommend full-body Ultrasound and thermography with live and blood cell anaylsis to determine anatomical, physiological and functional problems so they can be corrected with an alkaline lifestyle and diet.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 31px;"><b>Society and Culture</b></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Despite its rarity, Prader–Willi syndrome has been often referenced in popular culture, partly due to the fascination surrounding the insatiable appetite and obesity that are symptoms of the syndrome.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></span></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Prader–Willi syndrome has been depicted and documented several times in television. A fictional individual with Prader-Willi Syndrome featured in the episode entitled "Dog Eat Dog" of the television series <i>CSI: Crime Scene Investigation</i>, which aired on November 24, 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[24]</sup> In the UK media in July 2007, Channel 4 aired a 2006 documentary called <i>Can't Stop Eating</i>, surrounding the everyday lives of two people with Prader–Willi syndrome, Joe and Tamara.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[25]</sup> In the May 9, 2010 episode of <i>Extreme Makeover: Home Edition,</i> Sheryl Crow helped Ty Pennington rebuild a home for a family in which the family's youngest son, Ethan Starkweather, was suffering from Prader-Willi syndrome. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[26]</sup> In the March 22, 2012 episode of <i>Mystery Diagnosis</i> on the Discovery Health channel, Conor Heybach, who has Prader-Willi syndrome, shared his true story of how he was diagnosed with it. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[27]</sup></span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In December 2011 the <i>Taipei Times</i>, in Taiwan, highlighted the tragedy of a taxi driver who had killed himself and his nine-year-old daughter who had the condition, in what police described as a "probable murder-suicide."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[28]</sup></span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Actress Mayim Bialik — former star of TV's <i>Blossom</i> and currently playing a neuroscientist named Amy Farrah Fowler on <i>The Big Bang Theory</i> — completed her PhD in 2007 with a dissertation on Prader–Willi syndrome, titled,"Hypothalamic regulation in relation to maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive, affiliative, and satiety behaviors in Prader-Willi syndrome." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[29]</sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[30]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0645ad;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; white-space: nowrap;">31</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">]</span></sup></span></span></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 31px;">References</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 35em; line-height: 22px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><li id="cite_note-2" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Questions and Answers on Prader-Willi Syndrome". <i>Prader-Willi Syndrome Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 2, 2012</span>.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-pmid1340242-6" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid1340242_6-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Curfs LM, Fryns JP (1992). "Prader-Willi syndrome: a review with special attention to the cognitive and behavioral profile". <i>Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser.</i> <b>28</b> (1): 99–104. PMID 1340242.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Prader-Willi+syndrome%3A+a+review+with+special+attention+to+the+cognitive+and+behavioral+profile&rft.au=Curfs+LM%2C+Fryns+JP&rft.aulast=Curfs+LM%2C+Fryns+JP&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1340242&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Birth+Defects+Orig.+Artic.+Ser.&rft.pages=99-104&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=28"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-pmid9391886-7" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup> <sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-pmid9391886_7-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cassidy SB (1997). "Prader-Willi syndrome". <i>Journal of Medical Genetics</i> <b>34</b> (11): 917–23. doi:10.1136/jmg.34.11.917. PMC 1051120. PMID 9391886.</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-pmid9391886-7" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">nal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 4, 2012</span>.</li><li id="cite_note-12" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Clark DJ, Boer H, Webb T (1995). "General and behavioural aspects of PWS: a review".<i>Mental Health Research</i> <b>8</b> (195): 38–49.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=General+and+behavioural+aspects+of+PWS%3A+a+review&rft.au=Clark+DJ%2C+Boer+H%2C+Webb+T&rft.aulast=Clark+DJ%2C+Boer+H%2C+Webb+T&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=195&rft.jtitle=Mental+Health+Research&rft.pages=38-49&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=8"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cassidy SB, Devi A, Mukaida C (1994). "Aging in PWS: 232 patients over age 30 years".<i>Proc. Greenwood Genetic Centre</i> <b>13</b>: 102–3.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Aging+in+PWS%3A+232+patients+over+age+30+years&rft.au=Cassidy+SB%2C+Devi+A%2C+Mukaida+C&rft.aulast=Cassidy+SB%2C+Devi+A%2C+Mukaida+C&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Greenwood+Genetic+Centre&rft.pages=102-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=13"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hered RW, Rogers S, Zang YF, Biglan AW (1988). "Ophthalmologic features of Prader-Willi syndrome". <i>J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus</i> <b>25</b> (3): 145–50. PMID 3397859.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Ophthalmologic+features+of+Prader-Willi+syndrome&rft.au=Hered+RW%2C+Rogers+S%2C+Zang+YF%2C+Biglan+AW&rft.aulast=Hered+RW%2C+Rogers+S%2C+Zang+YF%2C+Biglan+AW&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3397859&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=J+Pediatr+Ophthalmol+Strabismus&rft.pages=145-50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=25"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Prader-Willi Syndrome; PWS -17627</span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">de los Santos T, Schweizer J, Rees CA, Francke U (November 2000). "Small evolutionarily conserved RNA, resembling C/D box small nucleolar RNA, is transcribed from PWCR1, a novel imprinted gene in the Prader-Willi deletion region, which Is highly expressed in brain".<i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i> <b>67</b> (5): 1067–82. doi:10.1086/303106. PMC 1288549.PMID 11007541.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Small+evolutionarily+conserved+RNA%2C+resembling+C%2FD+box+small+nucleolar+RNA%2C+is+transcribed+from+PWCR1%2C+a+novel+imprinted+gene+in+the+Prader-Willi+deletion+region%2C+which+Is+highly+expressed+in+brain&rft.au=de+los+Santos+T%2C+Schweizer+J%2C+Rees+CA%2C+Francke+U&rft.aulast=de+los+Santos+T%2C+Schweizer+J%2C+Rees+CA%2C+Francke+U&rft.date=November+2000&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1288549&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F303106&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1288549&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11007541&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pages=1067-82&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=67"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cavaillé J, Buiting K, Kiefmann M, Lalande M, Brannan CI, Horsthemke B, Bachellerie JP, Brosius J, Hüttenhofer A (December 2000). "Identification of brain-specific and imprinted small nucleolar RNA genes exhibiting an unusual genomic organization". <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A..</i> <b>97</b> (26): 14311–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.250426397. PMC 18915. PMID 11106375.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Identification+of+brain-specific+and+imprinted+small+nucleolar+RNA+genes+exhibiting+an+unusual+genomic+organization&rft.au=Cavaill%C3%A9+J%2C+Buiting+K%2C+Kiefmann+M%2C+Lalande+M%2C+Brannan+CI%2C+Horsthemke+B%2C+Bachellerie+JP%2C+Brosius+J%2C+H%C3%BCttenhofer+A&rft.aulast=Cavaill%C3%A9+J%2C+Buiting+K%2C+Kiefmann+M%2C+Lalande+M%2C+Brannan+CI%2C+Horsthemke+B%2C+Bachellerie+JP%2C+Brosius+J%2C+H%C3%BCttenhofer+A&rft.date=December+2000&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC18915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.250426397&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F18915&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11106375&rft.issue=26&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A..&rft.pages=14311-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=97"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-05-major-breakthrough-prader-willi-syndrome-parental.html</span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Runte M, Varon R, Horn D, Horsthemke B, Buiting K (2005). "Exclusion of the C/D box snoRNA gene cluster HBII-52 from a major role in Prader-Willi syndrome.". <i>Hum Genet</i> <b>116</b> (3): 228–30. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1219-2. PMID 15565282.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Exclusion+of+the+C%2FD+box+snoRNA+gene+cluster+HBII-52+from+a+major+role+in+Prader-Willi+syndrome.&rft.aulast=Runte+M%2C+Varon+R%2C+Horn+D%2C+Horsthemke+B%2C+Buiting+K&rft.au=Runte+M%2C+Varon+R%2C+Horn+D%2C+Horsthemke+B%2C+Buiting+K&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-004-1219-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15565282&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Hum+Genet&rft.pages=228-30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=116"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Skryabin BV, Gubar LV, Seeger B, Pfeiffer J, Handel S, Robeck T, Karpova E, Rozhdestvensky TS, Brosius J (2007). "Deletion of the MBII-85 snoRNA gene cluster in mice results in postnatal growth retardation". <i>PLoS Genet.</i> <b>3</b> (12): e235.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030235. PMC 2323313. PMID 18166085.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Deletion+of+the+MBII-85+snoRNA+gene+cluster+in+mice+results+in+postnatal+growth+retardation&rft.aulast=Skryabin+BV%2C+Gubar+LV%2C+Seeger+B%2C+Pfeiffer+J%2C+Handel+S%2C+Robeck+T%2C+Karpova+E%2C+Rozhdestvensky+TS%2C+Brosius+J&rft.au=Skryabin+BV%2C+Gubar+LV%2C+Seeger+B%2C+Pfeiffer+J%2C+Handel+S%2C+Robeck+T%2C+Karpova+E%2C+Rozhdestvensky+TS%2C+Brosius+J&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosgenetics.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0030235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0030235&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F2323313&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18166085&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Genet.&rft.pages=e235&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=3"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, Garnica A, Cheung SW, Beaudet AL (2008). "Prader-Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster.". <i>Nat Genet</i> <b>40</b> (6): 719–21. doi:10.1038/ng.158.PMC 2705197. PMID 18500341.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Prader-Willi+phenotype+caused+by+paternal+deficiency+for+the+HBII-85+C%2FD+box+small+nucleolar+RNA+cluster.&rft.aulast=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&rft.au=Sahoo+T%2C+del+Gaudio+D%2C+German+JR%2C+Shinawi+M%2C+Peters+SU%2C+Person+RE%2C+Garnica+A%2C+Cheung+SW%2C+Beaudet+AL&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2705197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.158&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F2705197&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18500341&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&rft.pages=719-21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=40"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ding F, Li HH, Zhang S, Solomon NM, Camper SA, Cohen P, Francke U (2008). "SnoRNA Snord116 (Pwcr1/MBII-85) deletion causes growth deficiency and hyperphagia in mice". In Akbarian, Schahram. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>3</b> (3): e1709. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001709.PMC 2248623. PMID 18320030.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=SnoRNA+Snord116+%28Pwcr1%2FMBII-85%29+deletion+causes+growth+deficiency+and+hyperphagia+in+mice&rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Li+HH%2C+Zhang+S%2C+Solomon+NM%2C+Camper+SA%2C+Cohen+P%2C+Francke+U&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2248623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001709&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F2248623&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18320030&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.pages=e1709&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=3"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ding F, Prints Y, Dhar MS, Johnson DK, Garnacho-Montero C, Nicholls RD, Francke U (2005). "Lack of Pwcr1/MBII-85 snoRNA is critical for neonatal lethality in Prader-Willi syndrome mouse models". <i>Mamm Genome</i> <b>16</b> (6): 424–31. doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2460-2.PMID 16075369.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Lack+of+Pwcr1%2FMBII-85+snoRNA+is+critical+for+neonatal+lethality+in+Prader-Willi+syndrome+mouse+models&rft.au=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&rft.aulast=Ding+F%2C+Prints+Y%2C+Dhar+MS%2C+Johnson+DK%2C+Garnacho-Montero+C%2C+Nicholls+RD%2C+Francke+U&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00335-005-2460-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16075369&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Mamm+Genome&rft.pages=424-31&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=16"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">de Smith AJ, Purmann C, Walters RG, Ellis RJ, Holder SE, Van Haelst MM, Brady AF, Fairbrother UL, Dattani M, Keogh JM, Henning E, Yeo GS, O'Rahilly S, Froguel P, Farooqi IS, Blakemore AI (June 2009). "A Deletion of the HBII-85 Class of Small Nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) is Associated with Hyperphagia, Obesity and Hypogonadism". <i>Hum. Mol. Genet.</i><b>18</b> (17): 3257–65. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp263. PMC 2722987. PMID 19498035.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=A+Deletion+of+the+HBII-85+Class+of+Small+Nucleolar+RNAs+%28snoRNAs%29+is+Associated+with+Hyperphagia%2C+Obesity+and+Hypogonadism&rft.au=de+Smith+AJ%2C+Purmann+C%2C+Walters+RG%2C+Ellis+RJ%2C+Holder+SE%2C+Van+Haelst+MM%2C+Brady+AF%2C+Fairbrother+UL%2C+Dattani+M%2C+Keogh+JM%2C+Henning+E%2C+Yeo+GS%2C+O%27Rahilly+S%2C+Froguel+P%2C+Farooqi+IS%2C+Blakemore+AI&rft.aulast=de+Smith+AJ%2C+Purmann+C%2C+Walters+RG%2C+Ellis+RJ%2C+Holder+SE%2C+Van+Haelst+MM%2C+Brady+AF%2C+Fairbrother+UL%2C+Dattani+M%2C+Keogh+JM%2C+Henning+E%2C+Yeo+GS%2C+O%27Rahilly+S%2C+Froguel+P%2C+Farooqi+IS%2C+Blakemore+AI&rft.date=June+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhmg.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D19498035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddp263&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F2722987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19498035&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Mol.+Genet.&rft.pages=3257-65&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=18"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-killeen-41-25" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup> <sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Killeen, Anthony A. (2004). "Genetic Inheritance". <i>Principles of Molecular Pathology</i>. Humana Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-58829-085-4.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Molecular+Pathology&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft.au=Killeen%2C+Anthony+A.&rft.aulast=Killeen&rft.btitle=Genetic+Inheritance&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHcDreGaMm0C%26pg%3DPA41&rft.isbn=978-1-58829-085-4&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Tweed, Katherine (September 2009). "Shawn Cooper Struggles with Prader Willi Syndrome". AOL Health<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved September 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.aulast=Tweed&rft.au=Tweed%2C+Katherine&rft.btitle=Shawn+Cooper+Struggles+with+Prader+Willi+Syndrome&rft.date=September+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aolhealth.com%2Fhealth%2Fliving-with-prader-willi-syndrome&rft.pub=AOL+Health&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Davies PS, Evans S, Broomhead S, Clough H, Day JM, Laidlaw A, Barnes ND (May 1998)."Effect of growth hormone on height, weight, and body composition in Prader-Willi syndrome". <i>Arch. Dis. Child.</i> <b>78</b> (5): 474–6. doi:10.1136/adc.78.5.474. PMC 1717576.PMID 9659098.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Effect+of+growth+hormone+on+height%2C+weight%2C+and+body+composition+in+Prader-Willi+syndrome&rft.au=Davies+PS%2C+Evans+S%2C+Broomhead+S%2C+Clough+H%2C+Day+JM%2C+Laidlaw+A%2C+Barnes+ND&rft.aulast=Davies+PS%2C+Evans+S%2C+Broomhead+S%2C+Clough+H%2C+Day+JM%2C+Laidlaw+A%2C+Barnes+ND&rft.date=May+1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadc.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9659098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.78.5.474&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F1717576&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9659098&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Arch.+Dis.+Child.&rft.pages=474-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=78"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Carrel AL, Myers SE, Whitman BY, Allen DB (April 2002). "Benefits of long-term GH therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome: a 4-year study". <i>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</i> <b>87</b> (4): 1581–5.doi:10.1210/jc.87.4.1581. PMID 11932286.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+long-term+GH+therapy+in+Prader-Willi+syndrome%3A+a+4-year+study&rft.au=Carrel+AL%2C+Myers+SE%2C+Whitman+BY%2C+Allen+DB&rft.aulast=Carrel+AL%2C+Myers+SE%2C+Whitman+BY%2C+Allen+DB&rft.date=April+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.87.4.1581&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11932286&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.pages=1581-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=87"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Höybye C, Hilding A, Jacobsson H, Thorén M (May 2003). "Growth hormone treatment improves body composition in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome". <i>Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)</i> <b>58</b>(5): 653–61. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01769.x. PMID 12699450.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.atitle=Growth+hormone+treatment+improves+body+composition+in+adults+with+Prader-Willi+syndrome&rft.au=H%C3%B6ybye+C%2C+Hilding+A%2C+Jacobsson+H%2C+Thor%C3%A9n+M&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6ybye+C%2C+Hilding+A%2C+Jacobsson+H%2C+Thor%C3%A9n+M&rft.date=May+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0300-0664%26date%3D2003%26volume%3D58%26issue%3D5%26spage%3D653&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2265.2003.01769.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12699450&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Endocrinol.+%28Oxf%29&rft.pages=653-61&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=58"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mary Jones. "Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome. Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?". European Society of Sleep Technologists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 6, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.aulast=Mary+Jones&rft.au=Mary+Jones&rft.btitle=Case+Study%3A+Cataplexy+and+SOREMPs+Without+Excessive+Daytime+Sleepiness+in+Prader+Willi+Syndrome.+Is+This+the+Beginning+of+Narcolepsy+in+a+Five+Year+Old%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esst.org%2Fnewsletter2000.htm&rft.pub=European+Society+of+Sleep+Technologists&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Dog Eat Dog". www.csifiles.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 12, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.btitle=Dog+Eat+Dog&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csifiles.com%2Freviews%2Fcsi%2Fdog_eat_dog.shtml&rft.pub=www.csifiles.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Can't Stop Eating". 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 12, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.btitle=Can%27t+Stop+Eating&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fhealth%2Fmicrosites%2FF%2Ffamily%2Fproblems%2Fpws.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">http://www.aoltv.com/tag/Extreme+Makeover:+Home+Edition/</span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">http://www.pwsausa.org/Anouncements/March2010-TV.htm</span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Group urges more support for Prader-Willi sufferers - <i>Taipei Times</i>. Published December 24, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012.</span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">http://www.worldcat.org/title/hypothalamic-regulation-in-relation-to-maladaptive-obsessive-compulsive-affiliative-and-satiety-behaviors-in-prader-willi-syndrome/oclc/261564900</span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Life After Child Stardom - Not by the Numbers". Abcnews.go.com. November 24, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 27, 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrader%E2%80%93Willi+syndrome&rft.btitle=Life+After+Child+Stardom+-+Not+by+the+Numbers&rft.date=November+24%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2F2020%2Fprint%3Fid%3D2677187&rft.pub=Abcnews.go.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome#cite_ref-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-top-width: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bialik, Mayim C. "Hypothalamic regulation in relation to maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive, affiliative, and satiety behaviors in Prader-Willi syndrome" (PhD Diss., UCLA, 2007).</span></li></span></ol></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div><div><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 35em; line-height: 22px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></ol></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #252525;"></span></div></div></div>

Prader-Willi Syndrome - A Rare Genetic Bullet!

There are many acidic symptomologies expressed with the acidic condition of Prader-Willi Syndrome, a rare 'genetic bullet' disorder.The Prader–Willi Syndrome or PWS is a rare 'genetic bullet' that involves seven genes (or some subset thereof) on chromosome 15 (q 11–13) which are unexpressed (chromos…

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