Articles On Information: Research: Ginger Selectively Kills Breast Cancer Cells

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ-MhEsyXLLkS4K1dOtSM9DB5UHbZFqbh61GgqNo5ze-YIqdJO5HmJXccSnb6fQHZpIqdVy1_kjDu5X3KZhYf2ICIcTPWhni4jhTXRmXP0_nj-pJyAwZZpPKpcbZdUDDvKGVLTa1OZf-Pc/s1600/1012196_697526153596053_1633506633_n.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">New research published in the <em>Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology </em>found that "ginger may be a promising candidate for the treatment of breast carcinomas."[i]  This is a timely finding, insofar asbreast cancer awareness month is only days away, and one of the primary fund-raising justifications is the false concept that a low-cost, safe and effective breast cancer treatment is not yet available. Could ginger provide the type of cure that conventional, FDA-approved treatments have yet to accomplish?</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
The new study was performed by researchers at the Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia, who discovered that a crude extract derived from the medicinal plant ginger (Zingiber officinale) inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells, without significantly affecting the viability of non-tumor breast cells -- a highly promising property known as <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">selective cytotoxicity</span></strong>, not found in conventional treatments.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
The researchers outline the serious problems with present breast cancer therapies thusly:</div>
<blockquote style="background-color: #d3e9c3; background-image: url(http://cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/all/themes/wilderness/images/PostQuote.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 41px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;">
<div style="color: #0e1608; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Despite significant advances toward targeted therapy and screening techniques, breast cancer continues to be a chronic medical problem worldwide, being the most common type of cancer in women and the leading cause of death [<span style="color: #389a2e;">1</span>]. Typically, the treatment of breast cancer involves hormonal therapy with tamoxifen or other selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators [<span style="color: #389a2e;">2</span>–<span style="color: #389a2e;">4</span>]. However, almost all patients with metastatic disease and approximately 40% of patients that receive tamoxifen experience relapse that ends by death [<span style="color: #389a2e;">5</span>]. In addition, the clinical utility of ER antagonists is often limited by side effects [<span style="color: #389a2e;">2</span>, <span style="color: #389a2e;">3</span>, <span style="color: #389a2e;">6</span>] and is largely ineffective against ER-negative breast cancer [<span style="color: #389a2e;">2</span>, <span style="color: #389a2e;">3</span>]. Furthermore, despite the fact that many tumors initially respond to chemotherapy, breast cancer cells can subsequently survive and gain resistance to the treatment [<span style="color: #389a2e;">7</span>]. Thus, identification of novel agents that are relatively safe but can suppress growth of both ER-positive and ER-negative human breast cancers is highly desirable.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
They described their interest in investigating crude extracts of ginger in the following manner:</div>
<blockquote style="background-color: #d3e9c3; background-image: url(http://cdn.greenmedinfo.com/sites/all/themes/wilderness/images/PostQuote.png); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(173, 205, 168); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 41px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;">
<div style="color: #0e1608; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Despite knowledge about the potent anticancer activity of the ginger, the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity are not currently well known in breast cancer. Based on the previously mentioned reported scientific data and considering the fact that in some cases herbal extracts are showing more potency than the purified components [<span style="color: #389a2e;">21</span>, <span style="color: #389a2e;">22</span>], the present study was undertaken to investigate the impacts of crude extracts of ginger on growth of breast cancer cell lines.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
They discovered that ginger was capable of positively modulating a surprisingly wide range of molecular mechanisms <em>simultaneously</em>, such as:</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death)</li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Upregulation of Bax (a pro-apoptosis gene)</li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Downregulation of Bcl-2 proteins (cancer-associated)</li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Downregulation of prosurvival genes NF-κB, Bcl-X, Mcl-1, and Survivin</li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Downregulation of cell cycle-regulating proteins, including cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK-4). (cancer-associated)</li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Increased expression of CDK inhibitor, p21 (anti-cancer associated)</li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Inhibition of c-Myc, hTERT (cancer-associated)</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
This is not the first study to confirm ginger's anti-breast cancer properties.<span style="color: #389a2e;">[ii]</span>  In fact, a ginger compound known as [6]-Gingerol has recently been shown to have anti-metastatic properties in breast cancer. <span style="color: #389a2e;">[iii]</span>  Nor is ginger's anti-cancer activity limited to breast cancer. Ginger and its constituents have been studied to inhibit the following cancers:</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Colon and Rectal Cancer<span style="color: #389a2e;">[iv]</span></li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Liver Cancer <span style="color: #389a2e;">[v]</span> <span style="color: #389a2e;">[vi]</span> <span style="color: #389a2e;">[vii]</span></li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Lung Cancer <span style="color: #389a2e;">[viii]</span> <span style="color: #389a2e;">[ix]</span></li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Melanoma <span style="color: #389a2e;">[x]</span></li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Pancreatic Cancer <span style="color: #389a2e;">[xi]</span> <span style="color: #389a2e;">[xii]</span></li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Prostate Cancer <span style="color: #389a2e;">[xiii]</span> <span style="color: #389a2e;">[xiv]</span> <span style="color: #389a2e;">[xv]</span></li>
<li style="background-image: none; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">Skin Cancer <span style="color: #389a2e;">[xvi]</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Ginger is an archetypal example of a food-medicine – that is, something we ingest that both nourishes us, and helps alleviate pain and suffering. Today, it is consumed as a delicacy, spice and medicine by hundreds of cultures throughout the world.  Modern science now confirms that ginger has over 100 distinct health benefits.<span style="color: #389a2e;">[xvii]</span> It's use stretches back <em>thousands</em> of years – something no existing FDA-approved drug can lay claim to – and is believed to have originated in southern China, spreading to the Spice Islands and other regions of Asia, and eventually to West Africa, the Caribbean, finally to India, its largest producer.<span style="color: #389a2e;">[xviii]</span>  There is also recent evidence that ginger was traded in Greece, as far back as 3<sup>rd</sup> century BC.<span style="color: #389a2e;">[xix]</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[i]</span> Ayman I Elkady, Osama A Abuzinadah, Nabih A Baeshen, Tarek R Rahmy. <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Differential Control of Growth, Apoptotic Activity, and Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells by Extracts Derived from Medicinal Herbs Zingiber officinale</span></strong>. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012 ;2012:614356. Epub 2012 Aug 26. PMID: 22969274</span><br />
<div id="edn2" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[ii]</span> Ya-Ling Hsu, Chung-Yi Chen, Ming-Feng Hou, Eing-Mei Tsai, Yuh-Jyh Jong, Chih-Hsing Hung, Po-Lin Kuo. 6-Dehydrogingerdione, an active constituent of dietary ginger, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through reactive oxygen species/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in human breast cancer cells. <em>Mol Nutr Food Res</em>. 2010 Feb 19. Epub 2010 Feb 19. PMID: <span style="color: #389a2e;">20175081</span></span></div>
<div id="edn3" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[iii]</span> Hyun Sook Lee, Eun Young Seo, Nam E Kang, Woo Kyung Kim. [6]-Gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. <em>J Nutr Biochem</em>. 2008 May;19(5):313-9. Epub 2007 Aug 1. PMID: <span style="color: #389a2e;">17683926</span></span></div>
<div id="edn4" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[iv]</span> hexahydrocurcumin on SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells. <em>Nat Prod Commun</em>. 2011 Nov ;6(11):1671-2. PMID: <span style="color: #389a2e;">22224285</span></span></div>
<div id="edn5" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[v]</span> Shafina Hanim Mohd Habib, Suzana Makpol, Noor Aini Abdul Hamid, Srijit Das, Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah, Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof. Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. <em>Clinics (Sao Paulo)</em>. 2008 Dec ;63(6):807-13. PMID: <span style="color: #389a2e;">19061005</span></span></div>
<div id="edn6" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[vi]</span> Mahmoud A Mansour, Saleh A Bekheet, Salim S Al-Rejaie, Othman A Al-Shabanah, Tawfeq A Al-Howiriny, Ammar C Al-Rikabi, Ayman A Abdo. <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Ginger ingredients inhibit the development of diethylnitrosoamine induced premalignant phenotype in rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis model</span></strong>. Biofactors. 2010 Nov-Dec;36(6):483-90. Epub 2010 Sep 24. PMID: 20872761</span></div>
<div id="edn7" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[vii]</span>  Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof, Norliza Ahmad, Srijit Das, Suhaniza Sulaiman, Nor Azian Murad.<strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in ethionine induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis</span></strong>. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2008 ;6(1):87-93. Epub 2008 Oct 25. PMID: 20162046</span></div>
<div id="edn8" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[viii]</span> Wirote Tuntiwechapikul, Thanachai Taka, Chonnipa Songsomboon, Navakoon Kaewtunjai, Arisa Imsumran, Luksana Makonkawkeyoon, Wilart Pompimon, T Randall Lee. <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Ginger extract inhibits human telomerase reverse transcriptase and c-Myc expression in A549 lung cancer cells</span></strong>. J Med Food. 2010 Dec;13(6):1347-54. PMID: 21091248</span></div>
<div id="edn9" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[ix]</span> Mihye Kim, Shingo Miyamoto, Yumiko Yasui, Takeru Oyama, Akira Murakami, Takuji Tanaka.<strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Zerumbone, a tropical ginger sesquiterpene, inhibits colon and lung carcinogenesis in mice</span></strong>. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jan 15;124(2):264-71. PMID: 19003968</span></div>
<div id="edn10" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[x]</span> Huey-Chun Huang, Shao-Hua Chiu, Tsong-Min Chang. <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Inhibitory effect of [6]-gingerol on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and a possible mechanism of action</span></strong>. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011 ;75(6):1067-72. Epub 2011 Jun 13. PMID: 21670536</span></div>
<div id="edn11" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xi]</span> Yon Jung Park, Jing Wen, Seungmin Bang, Seung Woo Park, Si Young Song. <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">[6]-Gingerol induces cell cycle arrest and cell death of mutant p53-expressing pancreatic cancer cells</span></strong>. Yonsei Med J. 2006 Oct 31;47(5):688-97. PMID: 17066513</span></div>
<div id="edn12" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xii]</span> Songyan Zhang, Qiaojing Liu, Yanju Liu, Hong Qiao, Yu Liu . <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Zerumbone, a Southeast Asian Ginger Sesquiterpene, Induced Apoptosis of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells through p53 Signaling Pathway</span></strong>. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 ;2012:936030. Epub 2012 Jan 29. PMID: 22454691</span></div>
<div id="edn13" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xiii]</span> Larisa Nonn, David Duong, Donna M Peehl . <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Chemopreventive anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin and other phytochemicals mediated by MAP kinase phosphatase-5 in prostate cells</span></strong>. Carcinogenesis. 2007 Jun;28(6):1188-96. Epub 2006 Dec 6. PMID: 17151092</span></div>
<div id="edn14" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xiv]</span> Yogeshwer Shukla, Sahdeo Prasad, Chitra Tripathi, Madhulika Singh, Jasmine George, Neetu Kalra. In vitro and in vivo modulation of testosterone mediated alterations in apoptosis related proteins by [6]-gingerol. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Dec;51(12):1492-502. PMID: <span style="color: #389a2e;">18030663</span></span></div>
<div id="edn15" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xv]</span> Sharma, Meenakshi V Gupta, Ritu Aneja. <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Benefits of whole ginger extract in prostate cancer</span></strong>. Br J Nutr. 2011 Aug 18:1-12. Epub 2011 Aug 18. PMID: 21849094</span></div>
<div id="edn16" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xvi]</span> Nidhi Nigam, Kulpreet Bhui, Sahdeo Prasad, Jasmine George, Yogeshwer Shukla. <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">[6]-Gingerol induces reactive oxygen species regulated mitochondrial cell death pathway in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells</span></strong>. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Sep 14;181(1):77-84. Epub 2009 May 27. PMID: 19481070</span></div>
<div id="edn17" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xvii]</span> GreenMedInfo.com, Substance, <strong><span style="color: #389a2e;">Health Benefits of Ginger</span></strong></span></div>
<div id="edn18" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xviii]</span> UCLA, <span style="color: #389a2e;">History & Special Collections, Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, Ginger</span></span></div>
<div id="edn19" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><span style="color: #389a2e;">[xix]</span> <span style="color: #389a2e;">http://en.goodnews.gr/Articles/A-surprising-scientific-discovery-about-trade-in-ancient-times_1415.html</span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;"><br /></span></div>
</div>